Secular clergy vs. regular clergy
Lay clergy= secular clergy= going
out into the world
Monastic clergy= regular clergy=
following a rule, guide for living, doing work and praying at regular time.
Ritualistic
- Mendicants-
located primarily in Europe (45,000+ people,)
o Franciscans
§
Garment represents the cross; emulate Him in
everything they do. Part of their religious practice.
o Dominicans
§
Public preaching, balconies
o Hermetic=
hermits, living in the desert.
Document their texts for future
generations.
Lay monastic= not officially
recognized, do it on their own.
11th -15th
centenaries= women begin to join monastic movement. Nothing else to do, need
options, way of education, Provides opportunities.
- Problems
with commitments for certain people who are in it for selfish reasons, not
religious motivations
Reformed movements= calling people
to humble themselves and live in a way like Christ. Before and after the
Protestant reformation are important as well.
Investiture Controversy (11th -12th centuries)
- Who
has the authority to appoint bishops? No separation between church and state.
Clash of power and interest. Who is going to advocate for whom.
- People
donate land to church, making it incredibly wealthy. Church also corrupt and
takes advantage of people. Bishops are in control of this wealth.
- Pope Gregory VII lays out rules for
reform. Sets guidelines for popes vs. emperor situations. I.e.
excommunications. (Diactus papae) Says roman church is always right and had
never made an error.-
o Papal infallibility,
o Compulsory celibacy of the clergy, a
lot of people oppose this.
§
Reasoning: focus more on jobs, married to the
church, inheritance mistrust to children opposed to church
o Against
simony (selling of church offices)
- Concordant of Worms (1122)
- Bishops
and abbots chosen by clergy
- Invested
with secular power and then spiritual
Medieval
Critiques of the Papacy
- Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
o Benidictine
abbess ( in charge of nuns)
o Visionary,
scientist, author, composer, liturgist, artist, preacher.
o Moved
her nuns from monastery in Disbododenberg to Rupertsberg to live a life of
poverty without permission of a male.
o Critiqued
secular clergy
o Wrote
book of visions- Scivia, illustrated.
§
Baptism, church is the bride of Christ, womb is
a nest, perfecter of people. Churches greatness comes from good works of
priest: giving to the poor. Purity of heart, calling to reform, visions are
from God, which gives her authority. Work is inspired by God and should be done
for God.
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
- Augustine
monk and Doctor of Theorloy form Wittenburgh
- Prolific
author and theologian
o Justification
by faith alone– it’s a work of God
o Sole
scriptura
o Priesthood
of believers
- Excommunicated
in 1520 (burned the papal bull with document)
- Translate
the NT into German (importance of the vernacular, left some books, like
Revelation)
- Saved
despite his errors, flaws and horrible sense of humor
- 95 Theseses (1517)
o Hammers
list of complaints to church door in Wittenburg, Germany.
o All
Hallows Eve ( Halloween)
o Written
in Latin
o Attacks
indulgences, pope. Did this while he was still Catholic. Not the only one put
he is the most abrasive and bold to do so.
§
Church was being rebuilt in Rome (St. Peters)
and church needed money, which led to increase in indulgence sales.
§
Concerned that people are being misled about
their salvation. Churches message should be on Christ’s forgiveness, not
marketing their own desires.
Spread of the Reformation
German Peasants war (1524-25)
- Fomented,
in part by reformer, including Thomas Muntzer
- Reformation
ideas lead to peasant unrest
- Multiple
factors in the reformation
1)
Different levels of reformation ideas (urban
elite, artisans, peasant)
2)
Move against magic and witchcraft gives power
toward Reformation
3)
Physiological aspect anxiety over sins, where
they were going where they died. Offered comfort and relieved stress over the
Catholic churches schemes.
Counter Reformation or Catholic
Reformation
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
- Called
by Pope Paul III
- Reaffirms
the structure of the church including sacraments, orders, practices (cult of
saints, veneration of Mary)
- Attempt
to denounce credibility of protestant reformers
- Rise
in Bernini of Baroque artistry.
Redings (September 25 and October
13)
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