Notes 2/16/16
·
Secular clergy
preach to lay people.
·
Regular clergy
typically do not deal with lay people and focus on work and prayer.
·
Mendicants drive a
wedge between the Secular and Regular clergy
o Franciscans
§ Wear scratchy cloth called a “tau” that is shaped like
a cross
o Dominicans
·
Lay monastic
movement
o Lay people join for religious convictions and because
it provides other options (i.e. not getting married at 14, reading, writing,
other practices they would not have the opportunity to do outside of joining)
o Reform movement
·
Investiture
Controversy
o Takes place in the 11th and 12th
centuries
o Who has the authority to appoint bishops, the emperor
or the pope?
o Pope Gregory VII solves this issue
§ Some of his ideas lead to the concept of papal infallibility
(the pope is never wrong)
o Dictatus papae: Pope may depose emperors and the Roman church has
never erred, nor will it
o Compulsory celibacy of the clergy
§ Priests are seen as married to the church
§ If priests have families, they may give the land to their
family and children before the church when they die
o He was against simony (i.e. selling of church offices)
o Concordant of Worms (Worms is a place)
§ 1222
§ Bishops and abbots should be chosen by clergy
§ Invested with secular and spiritual power
·
Medieval Critiques
of the Papacy
o Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
§ Benedictine abbess
§ She does basically everything: visionary, scientist,
author, composer, liturgist, artist, preacher
§ Moves her nuns from Disibodenberg to Rupertsberg so
they could live in poverty
§ Scivias is a book that recounts Hildegard’s visions
·
Hildegard’s
Visions
o Vision of a woman with people running in and out of
the holes in the woman’s womb
§ Symbolizes the Church and Mary
o The Church is the bride of Christ; reference to
baptism (spirit and water)
o Calling the Church to reform because God is telling
her to through these visions
o Devilish arts (magic/witchcraft) should not mar the
church
·
The Protestant
Reformation
o Begins with Martin Luther
o Augustine monk & doctor of Theology at Wittenberg
o Prolific author and theologian
o Sola Scriptura- “by scripture alone” means all decisions should be
made based off of scriptures
o Justification by faith alone
§ We are made perfect and we must have faith in God who
created us
o Priesthood of believers
o Excommunicated in 1520
o Translates the New Testament into German (vernacular)
o Wanted to leave out some books (such as Revelation)
because they do not talk about Christ
o Luther often incorporated his humor into his work
(scatological type of humor)
o Saved by faith despite talking about crap and other
such things- we don’t need to be so pure we just need to have faith
·
95 Theses
o 1517 written in Latin
o Nails it to the door of the church in Wittenberg
o The pope should not be able to make you feel guilty
o Speaks out against indulgences (indulgences were used
to pay for new churches and other church activities
§ Indulgence- a payment to the church to be forgiven for
a sin
·
Luther’s Letter to
the Archbishop of Mainz 1517
o Super sarcastic (jerk)
o Calls out the church’s hierarchy
o Calls out indulgences because he thinks people cannot
truly be saved through buying indulgences
o Calls for reform from the church
o Wants to draw attention to the issues and himself
o Mocks the archbishop directly
o The church talks about indulgences more than they talk
about doing works of charity, kindness, piety, love, and preaching the Gospel
o Indulgences were a major issue for Luther
·
We’ll come back to
Calvin next class
·
Spread of the
Reformation
o German Peasants’ War
§ Fomented by reformers (in part) including Thomas
Muntzer
§ Reformation ideas led to peasant unrest
o Different levels of Reformation ideas
§ These ideas vary across social classes because it
challenges the social structure
§ Urban elite, artisans, and peasants
o Some scholars say Catholics were fighting against
magic by reforming and calling magic witchcraft
§ Associated magic with the devil
o Other scholars argue that the Reformation combatted
magic
o Religion helps people deal with existential anxieties
§ M scholar says it was primarily the Catholic church
that provided relief for these anxieties
§ Ozment says the Reformation itself provided relief
·
Counter
Reformation (Catholic Reformation)
o Explicit attempt to undermine the Reformation
o Council of Trent (1545-1563)
§ Called by Pope Paul III
§ Reaffirms church values and confession of sins to be
saved
§ Baroque art
·
Bernini
· Sorry I forgot to post these right after class!
No comments:
Post a Comment